ESCOs and EPCs are relevant in some constrained conditions, primarily in the public sector. They don't seem to be the only real response plus they unquestionably don’t do the job at all in many sectors. ESCOs and EPCs are only one of many ways to deliver finance to energy efficiency https://zerocostenergymanagement.wordpress.com/2024/08/30/enhancing-business-efficiency-through-energy-management/